Magnetic lysis method and device

ABSTRACT

A method for lysing cells is disclosed. The method includes stirring cells with a magnetic stir element in the presence of a plurality of cell lysis beads at a speed sufficient to lyse the cells. Also disclosed is a device for lysing cells. The device includes a container having a magnetic stir element and a plurality of cell lysis beads disposed therein. The container is dimensioned to allow rotation of the magnetic stir element inside the container.

This application is a continuation application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 12/886,144, filed on Sep. 20, 2010, which claimsthe priority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/272,396, filed onSep. 21, 2009. The entirety of all of the aforementioned applications isincorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

The technical field is biotechnology and, more specifically, methods andapparatus for lysing cells.

BACKGROUND

Cell lysis is the destruction, or disruption, of a cell's membrane orwall, which breaks open the cell and exposes its contents. Manytechniques are available for the disruption of cells, includingphysical, chemical (e.g., detergent-based methods, chaotropic salts) andbiochemical (e.g., enzymes such as lysozyme). Mechanical lysis, such asvortexing and bead-beating, is one form of physical lysis. Sonication isanother form of physical lysis, which uses pulsed, high frequency soundwaves to agitate and lyse cells, bacteria, spores, and finely dicedtissue. These approaches, however, are not readily compatible with anintegrated low-cost cell lysis/nucleic acid analysis system.Detergent-based methods are often easier to use with more efficientprotocols than physical methods. Nonetheless, the presence of detergentmay interfere with downstream reactions in an integrated system and cangive variable lysis efficiencies for hardier bacteria and spores andrequire long incubation steps and or heat treatment. Therefore, therestill exists a need for cell lysis methods that are cost-effective,efficient and compatible with an integrated cell lysis/analysis system.

SUMMARY

A method for lysing cells, virus particles and spores is disclosed. Themethod comprises stirring cells with a magnetic stir element in acontainer in the presence of a plurality of cell lysis beads, whereinthe stir element rotates at a speed sufficient and duration to lyse thecells. In some embodiments, the cell lysis beads are selected from thegroup consisting of polymer beads, glass beads, ceramic beads and metalbeads. In some embodiments, the cell lysis beads have diameters withinthe range of 10-1000 μm. In some embodiments, 1 mg-10 g of cell lysisbeads are added to the lysis chamber. In some embodiments, 1 ul-10 ml ofan aqueous liquid is added to the lysis chamber. In some embodiments, asample or specimen is added directly to the lysis chamber alone. In someembodiments, a sample is added directly to the lysis chamber togetherwith an aqueous liquid (e.g. a solid specimen that is homogenized andlysed to yield an aqueous form). In some embodiments, the magnetic stirelement has a rectangular shape, a trapezoidal shape, a two-prongedtuning fork shape, a rod shape, and a bar shape. In some embodiments,the cells are eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells, endo-spores, or acombination thereof, and are suspended in a liquid medium at aconcentration ranging from 1 to 1×10¹⁰ cells/ml. In some embodiments,the cells are virus particles and are suspended in a liquid medium at aconcentration ranging from 1 to 1×10¹³ particles/ml.

Also disclosed is a method for lysing cells and virus particles. Themethod comprises suspending cells or virus particles in a liquid mediumto form a suspension, and stirring the suspension with a magnetic stirelement at high speed, between 1000-5000 rpm, preferably closer to 5000rpm, in the presence of a plurality of cell lysis beads for a timeperiod between 1-600 seconds, preferably about 90-120 seconds.

Also disclosed is a device for lysing cells and virus particles. Thedevice includes a chamber having one or more magnetic stir elements anda plurality of cell lysis beads disposed therein. The chamber isdimensioned to allow rotation of the one or more magnetic stir elementsinside the chamber. In some embodiments, the device further includes amagnetic stirrer that produces a rotating magnetic field, wherein theone or more magnetic stir elements rotate inside the chamber when placedwithin the operational range of the rotating magnetic field. In someembodiments, the device further includes a chamber holder configured tohold the chamber within the rotating magnetic field produced by themagnetic stirrer.

Also disclosed is a method for purifying nuclei acid from a cell. Themethod comprises applying a magnetic field to a vessel containing acell, a stir element, and a plurality of beads, wherein the magneticfield causes the stir element to collide with the plurality of beads andproduce a cell lysate; and isolating nuclei acid from the cell lysate.

Also disclosed is a method for amplifying a polynucleotide from a cell.The method comprises applying a magnetic field to a vessel containing acell, a stir element, and a plurality of beads, wherein the magneticfield causes the stir element to collide with the plurality of beads andproduce a cell lysate, and amplifying a polynucleotide from the celllysate.

Also disclosed is a method for detecting a polynucleotide from a cell.The method comprises applying a magnetic field to a vessel containing acell, a stir element, and a plurality of beads, wherein the magneticfield causes the stir element to collide with the plurality of beads andproduce a cell lysate, and detecting a polynucleotide from the celllysate. In certain embodiments, the detecting step comprises isolatingnuclei acids from the cell lysate, amplifying the polynucleotide fromisolated nuclei acids, and detecting the amplified polynucleotide.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The detailed description will refer to the following drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a flow chart showing an embodiment of a method for lysingcells.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart showing another embodiment of a method for lysingcells.

FIG. 3 is a graph showing relative positions of a magnet and a lysischamber.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing real-time PCR amplification of a specificgenomic region from unlysed E. coli cells (unlysed), E. coli cells lysedby bead beater for 2 minutes (2 m beat), and E. coli cells lysed bybeads/stirrer for 30 seconds (30 s blend) or 2 minutes (2 m blend).

FIG. 5 is a graph showing real-time PCR amplification of a specificgenomic region from unlysed E. coli cells (unlysed), E. coli cells lysedby a bead beater for 2 minutes (2 m beat), and E. coli cells lysed bybeads/stirrer for 1 minute (1 m blend) or 2 minutes (2 m blend).

FIG. 6 is a graph showing real-time PCR amplification of a specificgenomic region from unlysed Bacillus thuringiensis spores (unlysed),Bacillus thuringiensis spores lysed by a bead beater for 2 minutes (2 mbeat), and Bacillus thuringiensis spores lysed by beads/stirrer for 2minutes (2 m blend).

FIG. 7 is a graph showing real-time PCR amplification of a specificgenomic region from unlysed Bacillus thuringiensis spores (unlysed),Bacillus thuringiensis spores lysed by bead beater for 2 minutes (2 mbeat), and Bacillus thuringiensis spores lysed by beads/stirrer for 1.5minutes (1.5 m blend) or 2 minutes (2 m blend).

FIG. 8 is a graph showing real-time PCR amplification of a specificgenomic region from unlysed Bacillus thuringiensis spores (unlysed),Bacillus thuringiensis spores lysed by bead beater for 2 minutes (2 mbeat), and Bacillus thuringiensis spores lysed by beads/stirrer for 1.5minutes (1.5 m blend).

FIG. 9 is a graph showing the effect of lysis time and bead blenderspeed on the real-time PCR response for Staphylococcus aureus cells.Efficient lysis of S. aureus cells was achieved in 2 minutes when thebead blender was operated at high-speed. Lower speeds required longerlysis times. Unlysed spores have low-levels of extracellular DNA thatare detectable without lysis (0 min). A small amount of free DNA bindsto the glass beads. Bead blender speed of 100 corresponds to 5000 rpm.

FIG. 10. is a graph showing the effect of lysis time and bead blenderspeed on the real-time PCR response for Bacillus thuringiensis spores.Efficient lysis of Bacillus thuringiensis spores was achieved in 2minutes when the bead blender was operated at high-speed. Lower speedsrequired longer lysis times. Unlysed spores have low-levels ofextracellular DNA that are detectable without lysis (0 min). A smallamount of free DNA binds to the glass beads. Bead blender speed of 100corresponds to 5000 rpm.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In describing preferred embodiments of the present invention, specificterminology is employed for the sake of clarity. However, the inventionis not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected.It is to be understood that each specific element includes all technicalequivalents which operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similarpurpose.

Embodiments of a method for lysing cells are disclosed. Referring now toFIG. 1, in some embodiments, the method 100 includes adding a cellsample to a chamber (step 110), adding a plurality of cell lysis beadsto the container (step 120), adding a magnetic stirring element to thecontainer (step 130), and stirring the cell sample with the magneticstir element at a rotation speed (between 1000 and 5000 rpm) sufficientto lyse the cells (step 140). Referring now to FIG. 2, in otherembodiments, the method 200 includes forming a mixture that includescells, a liquid medium, cell lysis beads, and a magnetic stir element(step 210), and driving motion of the magnetic stir element in themixture using a varying magnetic field to lyse the cells (step 220).

As used herein, the term “cells” refers to eukaryotic cells, prokaryoticcells, viruses, endo-spores or any combination thereof Cells thus mayinclude bacteria, bacterial spores, fungi, virus particles,single-celled eukaryotic organisms (e.g., protozoans, yeast, etc.),isolated or aggregated cells from multi-cellular organisms (e.g.,primary cells, cultured cells, tissues, whole organisms, etc.), or anycombination thereof, among others.

The term “cell sample” refers to any cell-containing samples. As usedherein, cell samples include specimens of human, plant, animal, food,agriculture or environmental origin, such nasal swab, blood, stool,plasma, tissue, leaves, water and soil samples. Preferably, the cellsamples contain cells suspended in a liquid medium at a concentrationthat does not interfere with the movement of the magnetic stir element.

The term “lyse” with respect to cells means disruption of the integrityof at least a fraction of the cells to release intracellular components,such as nuclei acids and proteins, from the disrupted cells.

The term “homogenize” with respect to blending (diverse elements e.g.stool, tissue, sputum, saliva) into a uniform mixture.

Eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells, and/or viruses may be suspended atany suitable concentration. In some embodiments, eukaryotic cells and/orprokaryotic cells are suspended at a concentration ranging from 1 to1×10¹⁰ cells/ml, 1 to 1×10⁵ cells/ml, or 1×10³ to 1×10⁴ cells/ml, amongothers. In some embodiments, virus particles are suspended in aconcentration ranging from 1 to 1×10¹³ particles/ml, 1 to 1×10¹⁰particles/ml, or 1×10⁵ to 1×10⁷ particles/ml.

The liquid medium can be isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic. In someembodiments, the liquid medium is aqueous. In certain embodiments, theliquid medium contains a buffer and/or at least one salt or acombination of salts. In some embodiments, the pH of the liquid mediumranges from about 5 to about 8, from about 6 to 8, or from about 6.5 toabout 8.5. A variety of pH buffers may be used to achieve the desiredpH. Suitable buffers include, but are not limited to, Tris, MES,Bis-Tris, ADA, ACES, PIPES, MOPSO, Bis-Tris propane, BES, MOPS, TES,HEPES, DIPSO, MOBS, TAPSO, HEPPSO, POPSO, TEA, HEPPS, Tricine, Gly-Gly,Bicine, and a phosphate buffer (e.g., sodium phosphate orsodium-potassium phosphate, among others). The liquid medium maycomprise from about 10 mM to about 100 mM buffer, about 25 mM to about75 mM buffer, or from about 40 mM to about 60 mM buffer, among others.The type and amount of the buffer used in the liquid medium can varyfrom application to application. In some embodiments, the liquid mediumhas a pH of about 7.4, which can be achieved using about 50 mM Trisbuffer. In some embodiments the liquid medium in water.

The chamber can be a container of any suitable material, size, andshape. In certain embodiments, the chamber is a plastic container. Thechamber may, for example, be in the shape of a micro centrifuge tube(e.g., an Eppendorf tube), a centrifuge tube, a vial, microwell plate.The chamber can define only one compartment/chamber for holding cells,beads, and a stir element, or a plurality of discretecompartments/chambers (e.g., an array of wells) for holding mixtures(cells, beads, and stir elements) in isolation from one another. Thechamber may be a sealed or sealable container, such as a container witha lid, cap, or cover. The interior surface may be chemically inert topreserve the integrity of the analyte of interest.

The cell lysis beads can be any particle-like and/or bead-like structurethat has a hardness greater than the hardness of the cells. The celllysis beads may be made of plastic, glass, ceramic, metal and/or anyother suitable materials. In certain embodiments, the cell lysis beadsmay be made of non-magnetic materials. In certain embodiments, the celllysis beads are rotationally symmetric about at least one axis (e.g.,spherical, rounded, oval, elliptic, egg-shaped, and droplet-shapedparticles). In other embodiments, the cell lysis beads have polyhedronshapes. In some embodiments, the cell lysis beads are irregularly shapedparticles. In some embodiments, the cell lysis beads are particles withprotrusions. In certain embodiments, the amount of beads added to eachlysis container is in the range of 1-10,000 mg, 1-1000 mg, 1-100 mg,1-10 mg, among others.

In certain embodiments, the cell lysis beads have diameters in the rangeof 10-1,000 μm, 20-400 μm, or 50-200 μm, among others.

The magnetic stir element can be of any shape and should be small enoughto be placed into the container and to move or spin or stir within thecontainer. The magnetic stir element can be a bar-shaped,cylinder-shaped, cross-shaped, V-shaped, triangular, rectangular, rod ordisc-shaped stir element, among others. In some embodiments, themagnetic stirring element has a rectangular shape. In some embodiments,the magnetic stirrer has a two-pronged tuning fork shape. In someembodiments, the magnetic stirrer has a V-like shape. In someembodiments, the magnetic stirrer has a trapezoidal shape. In certainembodiments, the longest dimension of the stir element is slightlysmaller than the diameter of the container (e.g. about 75-95% of thediameter of the container). In certain embodiments, the magnetic stirelement is coated with a chemically inert material, such as polymer,glass, or ceramic (e.g., porcelain). In certain embodiments, the polymeris a biocompatible polymer such as PTFE and paralyne.

The cell suspension, cell lysis beads and the magnetic stir element maybe placed into the chamber in any order. In some embodiments, the cellsuspension is added to the chamber before the cell lysis beads and themagnetic stirring element. In other embodiments, the cell lysis beadsand/or the magnetic stirring element are placed into the chamber beforethe cells (e.g., before a cell suspension).

The chamber, and particularly the cells, beads, and magnetic stirelement, are located within an operational range of a varying magneticfield. For example, the chamber may be located with an operational rangeof a rotating magnetic field (e.g., by placing the container on oradjacent to a magnetic stirrer). The varying magnetic field drivesmotion of the stir element, such as rotational motion, reciprocation, ora combination thereof, among others, which in turn drives motion of thebeads, the cells, and the liquid medium. In some embodiments, the cellsuspension is stirred with the magnetic stirring element at a rotationspeed and for durations sufficient to lyse the cells inside thecontainer. The appropriate rotation speed and duration are applicationdependent and can be empirically determined by a person of ordinaryskill in the art. Generally speaking, the rotation speed sufficient tolyse the cells is determined by factors such as the type of cells, theconcentration of cell suspension, the volume of the cell suspension, thesize and shape of the magnetic stirring element, the amount/number,size, shape and hardness of the cell lysis beads, and the size and shapeof the chamber.

In certain embodiments, the magnetic stirring element is rotating at aspeed between 1000-6000 rpm, preferably about 5000 rpm, for a timeperiod between 1-600 seconds, preferably about 90-120 seconds. Incertain embodiments, a chamber (e.g., in the shape of a test tube ormicro centrifuge tube) is placed in a rack on a magnetic stirrer (e.g.,VP 710C1 Rotary Magnetic Tumble Stirrer, 5000 RPM, 14 cm Long UsableStirring Deck, With Motor Housing And Plate Holder, Stirs 2 Deep WellMicroplates Or 6 Standard Microplates-115 Volts AC-60 Hz, V&PScientific) and is stirred at the highest speed setting (>1000 rpm). Inother embodiments, the chamber is a well in a microplate, such as anELISA plate. In other embodiments, the chamber is a cylinder shapedchamber with a cell inlet and a cell outlet.

In certain embodiments, the varying magnetic field is generated byrotating a magnet, preferably a permanent magnet, in the proximity ofmagnetic stir element. The magnet may be rotated above, below or by theside of the lysis chamber about an axis that passes through the centerof the magnet. In certain embodiments, the chamber or chambers areplaced at a position that is vertical to the surface the chamber or thechambers reside on and the magnet is rotated about an axis that is alsovertical to the surface the chamber or the chambers reside on. In otherembodiments, the chamber or chambers are placed at a position that isvertical to a the surface the chamber or the chambers reside on and themagnet is rotated about an axis that is parallel to the surface thechamber or the chambers reside on. In yet other embodiments, the chamberor chambers are placed at a position that is vertical to a the surfacethe chamber or the chambers reside on and the magnet is rotated about anaxis that forms an angle with the surface the chamber or the chambersreside on. The angle is greater than 0 degree but smaller than 180degrees. In other embodiments, the magnet also has an elongated shapeand rotates about an axis that extends along the longest dimension ofthe magnet.

FIG. 3 shows the relative positions of a cylinder shaped magnet 301 anda lysis chamber 303. The magnet 301 rotates about an axis A and causes amagnet stir element 305 in the chamber 303 to rotate in the samedirection along an axis B. The rotating magnet stir element 305 collideswith beads 307 and lyse cells 309 in the process. The magnet 301 may bepositioned alongside, above, below or diagonally from the chamber 303.In this embodiment, the chamber 303 has an inlet 311 and an outlet 313to facilitate loading and unloading of the chamber.

In certain embodiments, the speed of rotation of the stirrer element isincreased to increase lysis efficiency and reduces the time required toachieve lysis. In certain other embodiments, the speed of rotation isregulated so that only certain types of cells are lysed. For example, ina cell suspension containing multiple types of cells, the stir elementmay rotate at a first speed to lyse a first set of cells and then rotateat a second speed to lyse a second set of cells. In other embodiments,the container is coupled to a temperature regulation module thatcontrols the temperature of the cell suspension before, during and/orafter the lysing process. In certain embodiments, the temperature of thecell suspension is maintained at 8-2° C.

In certain embodiments, lysing of particular cell types can befacilitated by adding additives to the cell suspension prior to and/orduring the stirring step. Examples of additives include enzymes,detergents, surfactants and other chemicals such as bases and acids. Ithas been found that alkaline conditions (e.g., 10 mM NaOH) may enhancethe lysis efficiency during stirring for certain types of cells. Thecell suspension may also or alternatively be heated during stirring toenhance the lysis efficiency. Additives, however, can be detrimental todownstream processing steps including nucleic acid amplification anddetection. Eliminating the need for additives to achieve efficient lysisis desirable as specimen processing can be greatly simplified.

The stirrer/beads combination provides many advantages over conventionallysing methods. The stirrer/beads method is much faster than chemicaland enzymatic approaches, and provides improved cell or virus lysis overmany other types of physical lysis methods. The stirrer/beads method isalso amenable to automation using robotics and/or microfluidics. Themagnetic source is reusable and doesn't require precise alignment withthe vessel, can drive a plurality of chambers. The magnetic stirrerelement is low-cost to enable it to be single-use disposable.

Also disclosed is a device for lysing cells. The device includes achamber having a magnetic stir element and a plurality of cell lysisbeads disposed therein. A user may simply add a cell suspension into thechamber, place the chamber on a magnetic stirrer, and stir the cellsuspension with the magnetic stir element at a speed sufficient to lysethe cells.

Also disclosed is a system for lysing cells. The system includes achamber having a magnetic stir element and a plurality of cell lysisbeads disposed therein, and a magnetic stirrer that produces a rotatingmagnetic field, wherein the magnetic stir element rotates inside thechamber when placed within an operational range of the rotating magneticfield.

In certain embodiments, the system further contains a rack configured tohold the chamber. The rack may be configured to hold multiple chambersand can be placed on a support surface of a magnetic stirrer forsimultaneous processing of multiple samples. The rack may also be usedas holder of the chamber for storage purpose. For example, multiplechambers may be placed on the rack and stored in a refrigerator orfreezer for further analysis. The chamber may be interfaced with anexternal instrument (e.g. liquid handling robot, microfluidic device,analytical instrument).

Also disclosed is a method for purifying nuclei acid from a cell. Themethod comprises applying a magnetic field to a vessel containing acell, a stir element, and a plurality of beads, wherein the magneticfield causes the stir element to collide with the plurality of beads andproduce a cell lysate; and isolating nuclei acid from the cell lysate.

Also disclosed is a method for amplifying a polynucleotide from a cell.The method comprises applying a magnetic field to a vessel containing acell, a stir element, and a plurality of beads, wherein the magneticfield causes the stir element to collide with the plurality of beads andproduce a cell lysate, and amplifying a polynucleotide from the celllysate.

Also disclosed is a method for detecting a polynucleotide from a cell.The method comprises applying a magnetic field to a vessel containing acell, a stir element, and a plurality of beads, wherein the magneticfield causes the stir element to collide with the plurality of beads andproduce a cell lysate, and detecting a polynucleotide from the celllysate. In certain embodiments, the detecting step comprises isolatingnuclei acids from the cell lysate, amplifying the polynucleotide fromisolated nuclei acids, and detecting the amplified polynucleotide.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Lysis of E. coli Cells

E. coli cells were suspended in Tris-EDTA buffer at a concentration of10⁴ cells/ml One milliliter of the cell suspension was added to achamber (2 ml plastic vial, Wheaton containing 800 mg glass beads (106μm or finer, Sigma G8893) and a magnetic stir disc (VP-7195 Super TumbleStir Disc, V&P Scientific).

The plastic vial was then placed on a magnetic stirrer (VP 710C1 RotaryMagnetic Tumble Stirrer, 5000 RPM, V&P Scientific) and stirred at 5000rpm for 30 seconds, 1 minute or 2 minutes. Positive control samples wereprocessed using a bead beater (Mini Bead Beater-1, Biospec) according tothe manufacturer's instructions for 2 minutes at 4800 rpm. Unprocessedcell suspensions were used as controls. The lysed cells and controlswere then subjected to real-time PCR amplification of a specific geneusing a Roche LightCycler 480. The amplification conditions were: 95° C.for 250 sec; then 45 cycles at 95° C. for 10 sec, 60° C. for 20 sec, and72° C. for 10 sec; and 40° C. for 10 sec at the final cycle.

As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the beads/stirrer method (30 s blend, 1 mblend and 2 m blend) provides better cell lysis than the bead beatermethod (2 m beat).

Example 2 Lysis of Bacillus thuringiensis Spores

Bacillus thuringiensis spores were suspended in water at a concentrationof 10⁴ cells/ml. 500 μl of the cell suspension was added to a 2 mlplastic vial (Wheaton) containing 800 mg of glass beads (106 μm orfiner, Sigma) and a magnetic stir disc (VP-7195 Super Tumble Stir Disc,V&P Scientific).

The plastic vial was then placed on a magnetic stirrer (VP 710C1 RotaryMagnetic Tumble Stirrer, 5000 RPM, V&P Scientific) and stirred at 5000rpm for 1.5 minute or 2 minutes. Positive control samples were processedusing a bead beater (Mini Bead Beater-1, Biospec) according to themanufacturer's instructions for 2 minutes. Unprocessed cell suspensionswere used as controls. The lysed cells and controls were then subjectedto real-time PCR amplification of a specific B. thuringiensis gene usinga Roche LightCycler 480 under conditions described in Example 1.

As shown in FIGS. 3-6, the beads/stirrer method (1.5 m blend and 2 mblend) provides better cell lysis than the bead beater method (2 mbeat).

Example 3 Effect of Lysis Time and Bead Blender Speed on the Real-TimePCR Response for Staphylococcus aureus Cells

Staphylococcus aureus cells were suspended and lysed at various blenderspeeds for various time periods using the same equipment and proceduresdescribed in Example 2.

FIG. 9 is a graph showing the effect of lysis time and bead blenderspeed on the real-time PCR response for Staphylococcus aureus cells.Efficient lysis of S. aureus cells was achieved in 2 minutes when thebead blender was operated at high-speed. Lower speeds required longerlysis times. Unlysed spores have low-levels of extracellular DNA thatare detectable without lysis (0 min). A small amount of free DNA bindsto the glass beads. Bead blender speed of 100 corresponds to 5000 rpm.

Example 4 Effect of Lysis Time and Bead Blender Speed on the Real-TimePCR Response for Bacillus thuringiensis spores

Bacillus thuringiensis spores were suspended and lysed at variousblender speeds for various time periods using the same equipment andprocedures described in Example 2.

FIG. 10. is a graph showing the effect of lysis time and bead blenderspeed on the real-time PCR response for Bacillus thuringiensis spores.Efficient lysis of Bacillus thuringiensis spores was achieved in 2minutes when the bead blender was operated at high-speed. Lower speedsrequired longer lysis times. Unlysed spores have low-levels ofextracellular DNA that are detectable without lysis (0 min). A smallamount of free DNA binds to the glass beads. Bead blender speed of 100corresponds to 5000 rpm.

The present invention has been described in terms of specificembodiments incorporating details to facilitate the understanding of theprinciples of construction and operation of the invention. Suchreference herein to specific embodiments and details thereof is notintended to limit the scope of the claims appended hereto. It will beapparent to those skilled in the art that modifications may be made inthe embodiment chosen for illustration without departing from the spiritand scope of the invention.

1-16. (canceled)
 17. A method for lysing cells within one or morevessels, said method comprising: placing one or more vessels on asurface along a first axis, wherein each vessel comprises one or morecells, one or more magnetic stirrers, and a plurality of beads; androtating a magnet about a second axis in the proximity of said one ormore vessels, wherein said second axis passes the center of said magnet,said rotation of said magnet causes said one or more magnetic stirrersin each vessel to tumble.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein saidsecond axis is parallel to said first axis.
 19. The method of claim 17,wherein said second axis forms an angle with said first axis and whereinsaid angle is greater than 0 degree and smaller than 180 degrees. 20.The method of claim 17, wherein said magnet is a permanent magnet. 21.The method of claim 17, wherein said rotating magnet causes said one ormore magnetic stirrers in at least one vessel to rotate at a speedgreater than 1000 rpm.
 22. The method of claim 17, wherein said rotatingmagnet causes said one or more magnetic stirrers in each vessel torotate for a period of about 1 minute to about 15 minutes.
 23. Themethod of claim 17, wherein said first axis is vertical to said surfaceand said rotation of said magnet causes said one or more magneticstirrers in each vessel to rotate about an axis that is vertical to saidsurface.
 24. The method of claim 17, wherein said first axis is verticalto said surface and said rotation of said magnet causes said one or moremagnetic stirrers in each vessel to rotate about an axis that isparallel to said surface.
 25. The method of claim 17, wherein saidsecond axis is above said one or more vessels.
 26. The method of claim17, wherein said second axis is beneath said one or more vessels. 27.The method of claim 17, wherein said second axis is on one side of saidone or more vessels.
 28. The method of claim 17, wherein said one ormore vessels are in the forms selected from the group consisting ofvials, test tubes, wells in a microplate, and flow-chambers.
 29. Themethod of claim 17, wherein said one or more vessels have a shape thatis elongated in a direction parallel to said first axis, and whereinsaid magnet has a shape that is elongated in a direction parallel tosaid second axis.
 30. The method of claim 17, wherein said one or morevessels contain two or more types of cells and wherein said rotatingstep comprises: rotating said magnet at a first speed that causes lysisof a first type of cells.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein saidrotating step further comprises: rotating said magnet at a second speedthat causes lysis of a second type of cells.
 32. A device for lysingcells, comprising: a container comprising a magnetic stir element and aplurality of beads disposed therein, wherein the container isdimensioned to allow rotation of the magnetic stir element inside thecontainer.
 33. The device of claim 32, wherein the beads comprise glassbeads, plastic beads, ceramic beads, or a mixture thereof.
 34. Thedevice of claim 32, further comprising: a magnetic stirrer that producesa rotating magnetic field, wherein the magnetic stir element rotatesinside the container when placed within the operation range of therotating magnetic field.
 35. The device of claim 32, further comprisinga container holder configured to hold the container within the rotatingmagnetic field.
 36. The device of claim 32, further comprising atemperature control module that controls the temperature of saidcontainer. 37-40. (canceled)